THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY C 1992 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Vol. Alcaligenes faecalis (Bacterium alcaligenes) is usually considered a harmless saprophyte in the human intestinal tract. Heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic and anaerobic denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis strain TUD were studied in continuous cultures under various environmental conditions. Controlling aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins (AFs) in grains and food during storage is a great challenge to humans worldwide. It retains virulent properties for turkey poults even after more than 20 passages on artificial medium. 4 bio-augmentation helped improving organic carbon and nitrogen removals while reducing CH 4 and N 2O emissions. 30 a. xylosoxidans can be isolated as a late colonizer in up to 8.7% of patients with cystic fibrosis and can contribute to exacerbation of pulmonary disease, 33,34 and has been reported Oxidation Fermentation Test Procedure. Endospore-Forming Gram positive rods and cocci oxygen requirements, motility, morph, catalase. What is the oxygen requirement for these: Neisseria lactamica Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas putida Alcaligenes faecalis Alcaligenes latus Aeromonas sobria Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Serratia marcescans Serratia rubidaea Serratia liquefaciens Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Klebsiella oxytoca It is commonly found in a watery environment and is rarely isolated from humans. 1. Organism or Sample Description of the growth within the tube. Key differences are: oxygen requirements, morph., growth requirements (45C and supplements), read Genera descriptions Examples: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Aerococcus GROUP 18 Description: Endospore-Forming Gram positive rods and cocci Key differences are: oxygen requirements, motility, morph, catalase Combining experiment and computer simulation, we show proton transfer occurs predominantly to oxygen O2 of Asp(128)beta in a reaction dominated by tunneling over approximately 0.6 angstroms. Go to UniProtKB: P84888. The clinical outcome is usually good, but treatment can be difficult in some cases due to the high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. 1 Introduction. Alcaligenes aquatilis QD168 is a marine, aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium, isolated from an oil-polluted sediment of Quintero Bay, an industrial-coastal zone that has been chronically impacted by diverse pollutants. C. Alcaligenes faecalis D. Acinetobacter baumannii. 4 can only use organic acids as a carbon source to remove ammonia nitrogen . Description and significance. "Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Parafaecalis subsp. Nov., a Bacterium Accumulating Poly--hydroxybutyrate from Acetone-butanol Bioprocess Residues". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 24 (1): 3743. doi: 10.1078/0723-2020-00001. A). This reaction will occur in the presence of the a-naphthol catalyst and a guanidine group that is present in the peptone of the MR-VP medium. Alcaligenes faecalis, E. coli, Micrococcus luteus, Staph. In this study, a sulphated EPS from Alcaligenes faecalis, previously isolated from Mauritius seawater, was investigated for its antioxidant potential using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and ferric reducing capacity assays. Thioglycollate medium Gas pak anaerobic jar Jluorescens, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Alcaligenes faecalis, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, and Moraxella, which are glucose non-fermenting rods. achromobacter xylosoxidans and alcaligenes faecalis have been shown to colonize the respiratory tract of intubated children and patients with cystic fibrosis. Bacteria possessing different kinetic characteristics for oxygen and employing distinct metabolic pathways for the degradation of (halo)aromatic substrates for which oxygen is needed as co-substrate may have to compete with each other in such environments. Aerobically, A.faecalis produced approximately the same amountofNObut10-foldmoreN20percell thanN.europaeadid.Typicalnitrification inhibitorswerefarless effective forreducingemissions ofNOandN20byA.faecalis thanforreducingemissions ofNOandN20by N.europaea.A.faecalis producedmuchless NOandN20underdenitrifying conditions thanundernitrifying They are commonly found in mixed cultures, especially in diabetic ulcers of the legs and feet . Ability of the organism to desaturate palmitic and stearic acid has also been tested. Which of the following is false? A sequential optimization strategy based on statistical experimental designs was implemented in order to enhance laccase production by a local isolate Alcaligenes faecalis NYSO in a submerged culture. 7 List ofIllustrations Page Figure 1. The clinical and laboratory characterist Only a few percent of NO2 and NO3 were produced from ammonium. E. coli Clostridium Alcaligenes Bacillus or Streptococcus. Alcaligenes faecalis A bacillus which is a motile, non-nitrate reducing, oxidase positive, catalase positive, and citrate positive gram-negative obligate aerobe that colonises humid areas in hospitals and may transiently colonise the skin. The Cytochrome cbb 3 Oxidases. Extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of microbial origin are polymers with great potential for research and industrial applications. organic content and low-oxygen tension harbors various life habitats, and metabolic pathways close to the redox boundary (Riding and Swarmik, 2000). Gas chromatography tandem mass However, it possesses homologs of the NRAMP family. In the presence of oxygen (O 2 ) in an aqueous solution (e.g. Method for producing butanol using extractive fermentation with electrolyte addition US8969055 Crystal structure of the phenylhydrazine adduct of aromatic amine dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes faecalis. Ward's Live Alcaligenes faecalis culture. The enzyme oxidized aerobically pyruvic oxime to nitrite in the presence of hydroxylamine or ascorbate. ofseveral 144 h old Alcaligenes faecalis cultures in different media 66. Both nitrification and denitrifi- cation activities increased with the dilution Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. subtilis has been generally considered a strict aerobe for many years. Below a dissolved oxygen concentration Unlike most uropathogenic bacteria, it has neither siderophores nor alpha-keto acid siderophore-producing systems. The goal of this review is to present a comprehensive survey of the many intriguing facets of creatine (Cr) and creatinine metabolism, encompassing the pathways and regulation of Cr biosynthesis and degradation, species and tissue distribution of the enzymes and metabolites involved, and of the inherent implications for physiology and human pathology. -Requires oxygen -Alcaligenes faecalis Anaerobic bacteria do not use oxygen Obligate anaerobes and why they can't tolerate oxygen and example of organism -can not tolerate presence of oxygen is because they lack catalase and resultant of hydrogen peroxide is lethal -species of clostridium (Clostridium sporogenes) The aims of this study were to characterize the phylogenomic positions of Alcaligenes spp. Entity Groups Sequence Clusters: 30% Identity 50% Identity 70% Identity 90% In agar, colonies vary from non-pigmented to grayish-white, and can grow up to 2mm was shown in the Fig 1.3. RZS1 with these carbon substrates and to study the biodegradation of PHB accumulated by these Alcaligenes aquatilis QD168 is a marine, aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium, isolated from an oil-polluted sediment of Quintero Bay, an industrial-coastal zone that has been chronically impacted by diverse pollutants. Transmission of A.faecalis probably due to exposure to contaminated instruments or solutions. Alcaligenes faecalis N1-4 isolated from tea rhizosphere soil can produce abundant antifungal volatiles, and greatly inhibited the growth of A. flavus in un-contacted face-to-face dual culture testing. In this study, the ability of newly isolated halo-tolerant bacteria from saline wastewa-ter for BPA degradation was studied. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of these organisms is variable.27,37 Isolates of Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Alcaligenes faecalis produce several types of There are numerous transporter systems that evolved through paralog expansion. This organism has been recovered from blood, sputum, feces, purulent ear discharges, spinal fluid, wounds and urine specimens. and to characterize the genetic determinants and the During the anaerobic process of fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a variety of mixed acids depending on the type of fermentation. Insert a straight wire vertically to roughly 0.5cm from the bottom of both tubes to stab-inoculate them. Six strains of Alcaligenes faecalis, unusually isolated from clinical material, are described. It acts as an enrichment broth which is most frequently used in diagnostic bacteriology. the used bacterias oxygen requirements using 8 different bacteria. (Alcaligenes faecalis) Explore P84888 . Alcaligenes is a phylogenetic subgroup of proteobacteria containing diverse species. Under the presence of A. faecalis no. For each test organism, inoculate two basal media tubes and inoculate by stabbing the agar to approximately 1/4 inch from the bottom. Continuous cultures of Alcaligenes faecalis TUD produced N2O under anaerobic as well as aerobic conditions. Biosafety Level: 1. Optimal growth temperature: 2037C. Has a Introduction: You will receive instruction on many safety concerns. GROUP 19 . mariense viscosus var. A wastewater from a chemical company (abbreviated as WC) containing approximately 5000 mg NH 4-N/L ammonium and a slight amount of BOD was treated with Alcaligenes faecalis No.4 (No.4),which is capable of heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification.The repeatedbatch operation was conducted at 30C for 900 h at controlled dissolved oxygen Most ofthe work in biological control ofBotrytis 23674-23682,1992 Printed in U.S.A. MeSH terms Adult Aged Alcaligenes faecalis / isolation & purification* Gram-negative bacilli are typically distinguished by size, shape, motility, and oxygen growth categories. Considering both the thioglycolate broths and the nutrient agar plates (incubated aerobically and anaerobically), as well as the catalase reactions, categorize each organism based on its oxygen requirements: Alcaligenes faecalis Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis Clostridium spocongenes 2. C. 34. 4) has the ability to carry out the following heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification, NH4+ NH2OH N2O N2. The role of long-range coupled motions in promoting tunneling is controversial. Key differences are: oxygen requirements, morph., growth requirements (45C and supplements), read Genera descriptions Examples: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Aerococcus GROUP 18 Description: Endospore-Forming Gram positive rods and cocci Key differences are: oxygen requirements, motility, morph, catalase 470176-382EA 19.99 USD. Alcaligenes faecalis is an aerobic Gram-negative, non-fermentative rod. It is considered as an opportunistic pathogen. Thioglycolate broth is a multipurpose, enriched, differential medium used primarily to determine the oxygen requirements of microorganisms. Abstract. nov., a novel Alcaligenes faecalis-like organism isolated from human clinical samples, and reclassification of Alcaligenes denitrificans Ruger and Tan 1983 as Achromobacter denitrificans comb. Alcaligenes faecalis. On the other hand, Alcaligenes faecalis (hereafter called A. faecalis) is also an extremely drug-resistant, Metabolically they may be facultative or Microbiology and Biology exam notes on different categories of microbiology, useful for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students. Aims: To study the effect of pH, temperature and substrate on the magnitude of N 2 O and NO production by heterotrophic nitrifiers. Nonsaccharolytic: Alcaligenes faecalis; Procedure of Oxidative fermentative test Bring the basal media to equilibrate to room temperature. Anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria dominate organic carbon degradation below the redox boundary on the water column (Riding and Swarmik, 2000). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Aerobic growth can start prior to removal of the oxygen and continue for some time in the jar until most of the oxygen is removed, giving a false positive result. Alcaligenes faecalis is usually a non-pathogenic bacteria that harbors in the human intestinal tract. Keep the handouts to learn from and refer to. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 3-9,12-40 While A. faecalis Enterococcus faecalis can be found in soil, water and plants, however, some strains are found in the human intestinal system as facultative anaerobes. Alcaligenes faecalis no. However, it possesses homologs of the NRAMP family. 5. Alcaligenes faecalis is a betaproteobacterium that has been commonly used for investigation of heterotrophic nitrification, and pyruvic oxime (2 Exopolysaccharide protects the bacteria against environmental stresses such as heavy metal toxicity, drought, salinity, etc. A culture was performed on a stool sample. Alcaligenes faecalis is an aerobic bacillus known to inhabit soil and water environments (5). Optimal temperature for the microbe ranges from 20 C to 37 C (11). A. faecalis also inhabits the alimentary canal of humans (5). INTRODUCTION Turkey rhinotracheitis (coryza), an acute upper respiratory 4 (No. Alcaligenes faecalis No. 1,2 Human infection in a number of cases with the organism has been recorded, and the clinical picture has varied, depending upon the organ involved. A sputum specimen submitted for culture is brick red in color. Compare and contrast BSL-1 and BLS-2 organisms and their lab safety requirements. parafaecalis and Paracoccus pantotrophus because of variations in pH, temperature and substrate was studied Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium . homari, Alcaligenes aquamarinus, and Deleya aesta are considered to be heterotypic synonyms. 2. The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information Aureus, Corynebacteriam xerosis, Enterococcus Faerolis and S. cerevisiae. Recent studies that have established the conditions under which B. subtilis grows Nutrient broth (EIKEN) and nutrient agar medium (EIKEN) supporting growth of all the test organisms were used. In batch systems, Joo et al. Combining experiment and computer simulation, we show proton transfer occurs predominantly to oxygen O2 of Asp(128)beta in a reaction dominated by tunneling over approximately 0.6 angstroms. The most important things are: 1. This organism is seen in acute leukemia, UTIs, Otitis media, wound infections, necrotizing keratitis, bone infections, and organ transplant infections. Strict aerobes will only grow near the surface of the agar (Af, Alcaligenes faecalis; Pf, Pseudomonas fluorescens). We also used 2 TSA plate with 8 different parts to test the oxygen requirements of Clostridiam Sporogenes, E. coil, Micrococcus lateus, B. cereus, Staph. Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. Agent Name: Alcaligenes faecalis ssp. It has been associated with nosocomially acquired septicemia and pyrexic reactions without septicemia. Remember, not only anaerobes but also other bacteria having diverse oxygen requirements grow in Microbes will display different growth patters depending upon their oxygen relationship. 470176-382 470179-186. The Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis is one of the most studied and best characterized organisms used in basic and applied microbiological research.B. Studies on the composition of total fatty acids of Alcaligenes faecalis harvested at different growth phases have been carried out. and to characterize the genetic determinants and the ing Alcaligenes faecalis strain BPAN5 as a halotolerant strain capable of BPA biodegradation. The oxidative-fermentative test determines if certain gram-negative rods metabolize glucose by fermentation or aerobic respiration (oxidatively). Clinical significance. It may be recovered from wet places of hospital environment. Unlike most uropathogenic bacteria, it has neither siderophores nor alpha-keto acid siderophore-producing systems. 267, No. 33, Issue of November 25, pp. For standardization, two plates can be streaked with Alcaligenes faecalis (obligate aerobe) on one side, and any member of family Enterobacteriaceae on the other. During the anaerobic process of fermentation, pyruvate is converted to a variety of mixed acids depending on the type of fermentation. For standardization, two plates can be streaked with Alcaligenes faecalis (obligate aerobe) on one side, and any member of family Enterobacteriaceae on the other. Figure 10 The oxygen uptake by Alcaligenes faecalis with MH-30 and its require oxygen but only in concentrations lower than atmospheric levels. The isolate exhibited extreme tolerance to selenite (up to 120 mM) when grown Note: Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Facultative anaerobe The group of bacteria included in this lab includes both Gram positive and Gram negative species. Aerobic growth can start prior to removal of the oxygen and continue for some time in the jar until most of the oxygen is removed, giving a false positive result. 3. The gram stain was followed orderly right from the referenced laboratory manual. Lactobacillus plantarum). 2. In this study, a bacterial strain exhibiting high selenite (Na 2 SeO 3) tolerance and reduction capacity was isolated from the gut of Monochamus alternatus larvae and identified as Alcaligenes faecalis Se03. Some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrate or nitrite. Optimum growth occurs at about 37C with nopigmentation. How would you classify the organism based on its oxygen requirements Escherichia coli Growth on surface and throughout medium from top to bottom and cracks due to gas production. nov. (1/29) A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on nine isolates recovered from various human clinical samples. Biological control could replace all or part of the requirements for chemical pesticides (Harman et aI., 1996). Medium. 4 was introduced at HRT of 2.5 days. The oxidative-fermentative test determines if certain gram-negative rods metabolize glucose by fermentation or aerobic respiration (oxidatively). Obligately aerobic, possessing a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. The aims of this study were to characterize the phylogenomic positions of Alcaligenes spp. Resistance to heat treatment. Due to different requirements for dissolved oxygen (DO) and organic matter, these two processes need to be carried out in two reactors, during which the control of process parameters and the addition of raw materials are carried out separately. PATHOGENICITY Alcaligenes faecalis is the most frequently isolated species of Alcaligenes . There is a unique cell wall-anchored protein involved in the adherence to uroepithelial cells. CH 4 and N 2O emissions were decreased by 46% and 85% when A. faecalis no. B. Meanwhile, alternate therapeutic options are An enzyme which participated in the oxidation of hydroxylamine to nitrite from was partially purified Alcaligenes faecalis, and some of its properties were studied. A Common Intestinal Flora Isolate, Demonstrates Alpha Hemolysis on Blood Agar Growth Medium. It was originally named for its first discovery infeces, but was later found to be much more common in other places as well. faecalis Agent Type: Bacteria Taxonomy: Family: Genus: Alcaligenes Species: A. faecalis Subspecies/Strain/Clonal Isolate: A. faecalis ssp. Alcaligenes faecalis generally exists singly, and has a size of 0.5 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 2.6 um. This study involved therapeutic targets mining for the extremely drug-resistant bacterial species called Alcaligenes faecalis, which is known to infect humans. Although A. faecalis does not kill turkey embryos, it can infect them during egg incubation and it does multiply. Among these, Alcaligenes faecalis is one of the subspecies known to utilize several aromatic compounds and heavy metals for energy and carbon metabolism. It seems to be well established, however, that the organism can be pathogenic. B. To screen the parameters significantly Biodegradation pathway of PVA as mediated by PVA-dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes faecalis KK314 by an aldolase-type reaction these requirements are indicative of a complex PVA assimilation pattern. Alcaligenes faecalis forms two types of colonies on blood agar. Abstract. 4, the operation of two- Microorganisms such as Agrobacterium spp., Alcaligenes faecalis, Xanthomonas campestris, Bacillus spp., Zygomonas mobilis, Leuconostoc, Pseudomonas spp. Very recently, a DetailsBiosafety Level: 16 self-contained units of a single organism A: For isolating bacteria from Blood Culture Examine daily (up to 14 days) for visible signs of bacterial growth such as turbidity above the layer of red cells, colonies growing on the surface of the red cells (cotton balls), hemolysis, gas bubbles, and clots. Abstract. The EPS was The cbb 3-type cytochrome c oxidase is phylogenetically the most distant member of the hemecopper oxidase superfamily and exclusively found in bacteria (Pitcher and Watmough, 2004).The X-ray structure of the enzyme from Pseudomonas stutzeri was reported recently (Buschmann et al., 2010).This type of enzyme is known to have very 2. Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Take pure well-isolated colonies from an 18-24 hour culture. Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxgen but grow much better in an oxygenated environment because they can utilize it metabolically. There are numerous transporter systems that evolved through paralog expansion. Kerstersia gyiorum gen. nov., sp. What are the two methods used in lab to determine oxygen requirements? Approximately, 40 and 60% of ammonium were converted to N2 gas and cell mass, respectively. Combining experiment and computer simulation, we show proton transfer occurs predominantly to oxygen O2 of Asp(128)beta in a reaction dominated by tunneling over approximately 0.6 angstroms. The history of contact with water or aqueous solutions should be investigated in all cases. The infections caused by this species in different parts of the human body have been linked with a higher degree of resistance to several classes of antibiotics. P. aeruginosa. For example, Alcaligenes faecalis No. The tests used were the IMVC tests, Phenol-Red Carbohydrate Fermentation test, Catalase test, Oxygen Requirement test, and Motility test, and the bacteria being tested were Escherichia coli, Serratia As a result, a pink complex is formed, imparting a rose color to the medium. Disclosed herein are formulations of nitrite, nitrite salt, or nitrite- or nitric oxide-producing compounds suitable for aerosolization and use of such formulations for aerosol ad Enterococcus faecalis is a cocci-shaped, gram positive microbe and is classified as one of the most prevalent antibiotic drug resistant nosocomial pathogens worldwide. Old synonyms: A chromobacter arsenoxydans-tres Turner 1954, Pseudomonas odorans (Malek and Kazdova-Kosiskova 1946) Malek, A study on metabolic energy observed Alcaligenes faecalis surviving in cultures of 10 g/L of aqueous arsenic. The survival of the microbe in arsenic is important in bioremediation of environments contaminated with aqueous arsenic (12). The present study was aimed to evaluate the suitability of agro-wastes and crude vegetable oils for the cost-effective production of poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB), to evaluate growth kinetics and PHB production in Alcaligenes faecalis RZS4 and Pseudomonas sp. Methods and Results: The change in N 2 O and NO production by the heterotrophic nitrifiers Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. A. Anaerobes can be grown in a gas-pac jar or in reducing medium. Meeting unique/fastidious culture requirements C. The availability of specific instrumentation D. Maintaining the viability of the organism. Aerotolerant anaerobes grow at the same rate in presence or absence of oxygen (Lp. ALCALIGENES FAECALIS 2 Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to use biochemical methods to test for specific traits that are characteristic of specific bacteria. There is a unique cell wall-anchored protein involved in the adherence to uroepithelial cells. This broth supports the growth of anaerobes, aerobes, microaerophilic, and fastidious microorganisms. Directing the mode of nitrite binding to a coppercontaining nitrite reductase from Alcaligenes faecalis S6: Characterization of an active site isoleucine Martin J. Boulanger. Detection of acetyl methyl carbinol requires this end product to be oxidized to a diacety compound. Alcaligenes faecalis is a Gram-negative catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile rod. The bacterium was classified as Alcaligenes faecalis. Alcaligenes faecalis is a biosafety level one, nonpathogenic, opportunistic, strict aerobe that does not ferment any sugars and is usually positive on the oxidase test (Parija, 2009). The Purification and Characterization of Arsenite Oxidase from Alcaligenes faecalis, a Molybdenum-containing Hydroxylase* (Received for publication, April We also used 2 TSA plate with 8 different parts to test the oxygen requirements of Clostridiam Sporogenes, E. coil, species or the bacteria, and to test for which sugar each bacteria eats. Oxygen Requirements Action on Litmus Milk Growth on Casein Agar Acid Production Lactose Broth Glucose Broth Starch Hydrol ysis Achromobacter liquefaciens Alcaligenes faecalis faecalis var. Alcaligenes faecalis - Grade: B+; 292 final bp full; Content Categories; Answer Key Work sheet 8 (CH 15-Nonparametric Methods-Goodness of Fit Tests) Key differences are: oxygen requirements, motility, morph, catalase . It's saprophyte of water and soil. Some safety protocols will be introduced later but are referenced here and on the included handouts. One plate will be placed in the gas pack chamber, and the other will be incubated. 168. Remove the oxygen from 2 tubes of medium by boiling them for 10 minutes and allowing them to cool before using. Glycolysis Explained in 10 Easy Steps; Benedicts Test- Principle, Composition, Widal Test- Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Different Size, Shape and Arrangement of Alcaligenes faecalis exists in the alimentary canal, but systemic infections with the microbe do not occur in the majority of healthy humans. Infections caused by A. faecalis have been observed in humans with compromised immune systems and uncompromised immune systems. faecalis Synonym/Cross Reference None Characteristics Brief Description:Gram-negative, rod shaped aerobic organism, 0.5 - 1.0 um in diameter. P. aeruginosa. Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteria that exhibits spore production and flagellar motility (1). They were moved in the genus Halomonas as Halomonas aquamarina. this organism is prevalent in burn infections, cystic fibrosis superinfections and is characterized by mucoid morphology. Clearly, this is a complex question, since requirements vary according to food product and type of packaging; however, some overall indications can be gained. Specimens Live Specimens Bacteria - Living Material. WARD470176-382 WARD470179-186. B. Anaerobes contain enzymes that destroy toxic forms of oxygen. Experimental 2.1. The oxygen molecule consists of two atoms of oxygen, making the molecule stable because the two atoms can then share a pair of electrons in the outer electron shell (see Fig.